Thumela i-imeyile
i-whatsapp
Zithini iimfuno zamakhethini ezempilo?
Iindawo zokhathalelo lwempilo zifuna ingqalelo engqongqo kukhuseleko nococeko. ikhethini yesibhedlele kufuneka imelane nomlilo, inciphise ukusasazeka kosulelo, kwaye ibonelele ngobumfihlo obuthembekileyo. Izibonelelo ezininzi ngoku zikhetha amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo ukuze kuphuculwe ucoceko. Yonke ikhethini yokwahlulahlula isibhedlele ifuna uhlolo oluqhubekayo ukuze ihlale iqinile kwaye ithobela imigaqo yezempilo.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Amakhethini ezempilo kufuneka bahlangabezane nemigangatho yokhuseleko lomlilo oluqinileyo kunye nemigangatho yokulwa neentsholongwane ukukhusela izigulane kunye nabasebenzi kwiingozi zomlilo kunye nezifo.
- Ukucoca rhoqoUkuhlolwa, kunye nokutshintshwa kwamakhethini ngexesha elifanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ahlala esebenza kakuhle, akhuselekile, kwaye athobela imigaqo yezempilo.
- Amakhethini kufuneka anike ubumfihlo obupheleleyo ngezinto ezihlala ixesha elide nezivunyiweyo kwaye afakwe ngokufanelekileyo kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zendlela ezithembekileyo ukuze kusebenze kakuhle nangokukhuselekileyo.
Iimfuneko zoKhuseleko noCoceko kwiKheteni yeSibhedlele
Imigangatho Yokuthintela Umlilo
Ukhuseleko lomlilo luseyeyona nto iphambili kwiindawo zonyango. Izibhedlele zifuna amakhethini ahlangabezana nemigangatho eqinileyo yokuthintela umlilo ukuze kukhuselwe izigulana kunye nabasebenzi.
- Uhlobo C lwe-BS 5867-2 lubeka uphawu oluphezulu lokumelana nomlilo kwi amakhethini esibhedleleAmalaphu kufuneka anyamezele imijikelo yokuhlamba engama-50 kwi-75°C, kuquka ukomiswa ngokuwa, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ziimpawu zawo ezithintela umlilo.
- Uvavanyo lubandakanya ukufaka ilangatye elithe nkqo kunye nokulinganisa amaxesha asemva komlilo kunye namaxesha asemva komlilo. Amakhethini ayadlula ukuba ilangatye alifikeleli emaphethelweni elaphu kwaye akukho nkunkuma itshayo iwelayo.
- E-United States, amakhethini aqinisekisiweyo yi-NFPA 701 ayazicima ngokwawo kwimizuzwana emibini kwaye anciphise ukusasazeka kwelangabi ukuya kwiisentimitha ezine okanye ngaphantsi. Olu vavanyo lubonisa ikhethini kwilangabi eliyi-intshi eziyi-1.5 kangangemizuzwana eli-12.
- I-NYU Langone Health ifake amagumbi angama-8,000 ngokutsha ngeekhethini eziqinisekisiweyo ze-NFPA 701, nto leyo ebangele ukwehla kwama-60% kwimingcipheko yomlilo.
- Amalaphu e-EU Euroclass B-s1,d0 akhupha umsi omncinci kwaye awanawo amathontsi avuthayo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezibuthathaka zesibhedlele.
- Amalaphu e-polyester agcina iimpawu zawo kulo lonke ixesha lobomi belaphu. Amalaphu anyangiweyo afuna ukuphinda anyangwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Ikhethini yesibhedlele ehlangabezana nale migangatho iqinisekisa imeko-bume ekhuselekileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho ixesha elide.
Ukuthobela iiKhowudi neMimiselo yeNgingqi
Izibhedlele mazilandele imithetho yasekuhlaleni, yephondo, neyesizwe xa zikhetha kwaye zifaka amakhethini. Imibutho elawulayo efana neJoint Commission, iCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), kunye namagosa omlilo asekuhlaleni amisela iimfuno ezithile kwizibonelelo zempilo.
Izibonelelo kufuneka ziphinde zihlaziye uhlaziyo lwale mithetho ukuze zigcine ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kwaye ziphephe izohlwayo.
Amakhethini kufuneka abonise iilebheli ezifanelekileyo, kubandakanya ukulinganiswa komlilo kunye nolwazi lomenzi. Amaxwebhu okuthobela imithetho axhasa uhlolo lwezakhiwo kunye nokuhlolwa kwazo. Izibhedlele ezingaphumeleliyo ukuthobela isohlwayo somngcipheko, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza, kunye nokwanda koxanduva.
Iipropati ze-Antimicrobial kunye ne-FDA Clearance
Amakhethini asesibhedlele adla ngokuba yindawo echukumisa kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukhuseleko lokulwa neentsholongwane lube yimfuneko. Abavelisi basebenzisa amalaphu aphucukileyo kunye neengubo zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokudluliselwa kwezifo. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela idatha yokusebenza ephambili yamalaphu esibhedlele alwa neentsholongwane:
| Umbono | Iinkcukacha zobungakanani |
|---|---|
| Iibhaktheriya ezijoliswe kuzo | I-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Lawula inqanaba lenani labathwali | I-CFU/umphathi welogi ye-4.0 ukuya kwi-5.5 |
| Umgangatho wokusebenza | Ukunciphisa okuphakathi kwe-4.0-log kwimizuzu eyi-≤10 |
| Ukunciphisa iintsholongwane | >99.999% (>5 log10) ngokuchasene neentsholongwane kunye nefungi ezineGram-positive kunye neGram-negative |
| Uvavanyo lokuqina | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 imijikelo yokuhlamba/yokomisa |
| ukhuseleko | Ayicaphukisi kwaye ayibangeli i-allergies (uvavanyo lwesikhumba lomntu wesithathu) |
Imvume ye-FDA iqinisekisa ukuba ii-antimicrobial agents ezisetyenziswa kwilaphu leekhethini zesibhedlele ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Abavelisi kufuneka banike ubungqina bokuhambelana nee-arhente zokucoca kunye nokuqina komzimba. Izibhedlele kufuneka zikhethe iikhethini ezinobuchule obuqinisekisiweyo bokulwa neentsholongwane ukuxhasa imigaqo yokulawula usulelo.
Iinkqubo zokuCoca, zokuhlamba impahla, kunye nezokubulala iintsholongwane
Ukucoca rhoqo kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kwandisa ubomi bekhethini yesibhedlele kwaye kunciphisa iingozi zosulelo. Izibonelelo kufuneka zilandele izikhokelo zomenzi we ubushushu bokuhlamba impahla, ukujikeleza rhoqo, kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezifanelekileyo.
- Amalaphu athintela umlilo kwaye alwa neentsholongwane amelana nokuhlanjwa nokusomiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukusebenza kakuhle.
- Amakhethini alahlwayo inika isisombululo esisebenzayo kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi abagulayo, njengoko abasebenzi benokuzitshintsha ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphuma kwesigulana okanye ukungcola.
- Izibonelelo kufuneka zibhale phantsi iishedyuli zokucoca kunye neendlela ezilandelwayo ukubonisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngexesha lokuhlolwa.
Ikhethini yesibhedlele egcinwe kakuhle ixhasa indawo ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo, nethobela imithetho yezempilo.
Imigangatho Yabucala, Izinto, kunye Nokufakelwa Kwekhethini Yesibhedlele
Ukhuseleko lokungabonakali kunye noBucala
Ikhethini yesibhedlele kufuneka iqinisekise ubumfihlo obupheleleyo kwizigulane. Ilaphu kufuneka livale ukubonakala kuzo zonke iikona, nokuba kumagumbi akhanyiswe ngokukhazimlayo. Abayili badla ngokukhetha amalaphu alukiweyo okanye izinto ezineeleya ezininzi ukuthintela ukubonakala kwezithunzi kunye nezithunzi.
Ukhuseleko lwabucala luqala kwisilingi ukuya kuthi ga ngaphezulu komgangatho, nto leyo eshiya umsantsa omncinci wezixhobo zokucoca kunye nokuhamba komoya.
Abasebenzi bezempilo baxhomekeke kwezi khethini ukuze benze indawo ekhuselekileyo neyimfihlo ngexesha lokuhlolwa, unyango, kunye nokhathalelo lomntu. Izibonelelo kufuneka zijonge rhoqo iindawo ezigugileyo okanye ezicacileyo ezinokubeka ubomi babucala esichengeni.
Izixhobo ezivunyiweyo kunye nokuqina kwazo
Abavelisi basebenzisa kuphela izixhobo ezivunyiweyo ukwenziwa kwamakhethini esibhedlele. Iingxube zepolyester kunye nepolyester ziphambili kwimarike ngenxa yamandla azo, ukumelana nomlilo, kunye nokulula kokuzicoca. Ezinye izakhiwo zikhetha amalaphu aneengubo ezikhethekileyo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko lweentsholongwane kunye nokumelana namabala.
- Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-antibacterial kuhlala kuphezulu ngokuchasene nezifo eziqhelekileyo ezifana I-Staphylococcus aureus, I-Pseudomonas aeruginosakunye I-Acinetobacter baumanniiAmakhethini agqunywe nge-BASF abonisa umsebenzi omhle kakhulu ukuya kophakathi, ngelixa ezinye iingubo zorhwebo zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluncinci.
- Umsebenzi we-antibacterial awunciphi emva kweenyanga ezintandathu zokugcina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuqina kwengubo.
- Uvavanyo lokumelana nokukrala ngokusebenzisa indlela yeMartindale lulinganisa amandla aqinileyo elaphu. Emva kwemijikelo eli-1,000, kuphela ukwehla kobunzima okwenzekayo, nangona i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ityhila umonakalo omncinci kwinqanaba le-fiber.
- Uvavanyo lokwaluphala olungeyonyani lulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwesibhedlele ngokuhambisa ikhethini ngokuphindaphindiweyo kangangexesha elilingana neeveki ezimbini, iinyanga ezintathu, kunye neminyaka emihlanu. Uhlalutyo lwegravimetric kunye nemifanekiso ye-SEM emva kwezi mvavanyo zibonisa ukonakala okuncinci kwelaphu kunye nokwaleka.
- I-SEM imaging iqinisekisa ukuba iingubo zihlala zisasazeke ngokulinganayo kwilaphu, nokuba sele ligugile kwaye ligugile. Akukho zidipozithi ezibonakalayo okanye izakhiwo ezifana nekristale ezibonakalayo.
- Uvavanyo lozinzo loomatshini ludibanisa imilinganiselo yokunciphisa umzimba kunye nemifanekiso ye-SEM ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwelaphu kunye nokugcinwa kwengubo phantsi kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu.
Ezi ziphumo ziqinisekisa ukuba izinto zanamhlanje ezisetyenziswa ngamakhethini esibhedlele zinokumelana neminyaka emininzi yokusetyenziswa imihla ngemihla ngelixa zigcina iimpawu zazo zokukhusela.
Iinkqubo zoMkhondo kunye noFakelo olufanelekileyo
Ikhethini yesibhedlele ifuna inkqubo yendlela ethembekileyo ukuze isebenze kakuhle kwaye ikhuseleke. Imizila ye-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi engagqwaliyo iyamelana nokugqwala kwaye ixhasa ubunzima belaphu elinzima. Abafaki kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imizila ihamba ngaxeshanye nophahla kwaye ayigobi okanye igobe phantsi komthwalo.
- Imizila efakwe eluphahleni inika ubumfihlo kwaye ivumela ukuvalwa okupheleleyo kweendawo zezigulane.
- Ikhethini leCubicle Iingoma zihlala ziquka iimpawu zokuqhekeka ukuze kufikelelwe kwimeko engxamisekileyo.
- Iziphelo zokuma kunye neempahla ezithwalayo zithintela amakhethini ukuba angatyibiliki endleleni.
- Abafaki kufuneka balandele izikhokelo zomenzi malunga nokubeka isithuba, ukubambelela, kunye nokukhetha izixhobo.
Ukufakelwa ngokufanelekileyo kunciphisa umngcipheko weengozi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banokuvula okanye bavale ikhethini ngokukhawuleza njengoko kufuneka.
Izikhokelo Zokuhlola Nokutshintsha Izinto Ngokuqhubekayo
Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kugcina zonke izikhephe zesibhedlele zikwimeko entle. Abaphathi beziko kufuneka benze uluhlu lokuhlola rhoqo ngokubonakalayo, begxile koku:
- Iinyembezi, imingxunya, okanye ukuqhekeka kwimithungo nasemacaleni
- Amabala okanye ukutshintsha kombala okungahlambi
- Ukulahleka kweelebheli ezithintela ilangatye okanye ezilwa neentsholongwane
- Ulungelelwaniso lwethrekhi kunye nokuthembeka kwehardware
Icebiso: Tshintsha amakhethini ngoko nangoko ukuba abonisa iimpawu zomonakalo, ungcoliseko, okanye ukulahleka kweempawu zokukhusela.
Uninzi lwabavelisi lucebisa ukuba kutshintshwe amakhethini angasetyenziswa kwakhona rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-12, kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwawo kunye nobuninzi bokuhlamba impahla. Amakhethini alahlwayo kufuneka itshintshwe emva kokuphuma kwesigulana ngasinye okanye xa sibonakala singcolile. Ukubhala phantsi iishedyuli zokuhlolwa kunye nokutshintshwa kwezigulane kunceda amaziko ukuba agcine ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kwaye kuqinisekisa indawo ekhuselekileyo neyabucala yezigulane.
Ukunamathela kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zamakhethini okhathalelo lwempilo kuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zezigulana zikhuselekile, zicocekile kwaye ziyimfihlo ngakumbi.
- Iindlela zokuthintela nokulawula usulelo ziyanciphisa usulelo olunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo, oluchaphazela umntu omnye kwabangama-31 ngosuku kwaye lubiza iibhiliyoni ngonyaka.
- Imigangatho yeJoint Commission ikhokela amaziko ekugcineni amanyathelo okhuseleko olusebenzayo kunye nolawulo losulelo.
FAQ
Ithini ishedyuli ecetyiswayo yokutshintshwa kwamakhethini esibhedlele?
Uninzi lwabavelisi lucebisa ukuba kutshintshwe amakhethini angasetyenziswa kwakhona rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-12. Amakhethini angasetyenziswayo kufuneka atshintshwe emva kokuphuma kwesigulana ngasinye okanye xa ebonakala engcolile.
Ngaba iikhethini zesibhedlele zifuna iimveliso zokucoca ezikhethekileyo?
Izibonelelo kufuneka zisebenzise izinto zokucoca ivunyiwe ngumvelisi wekhethini. Ezi mveliso zinceda ekugcineni iipropati zokulwa neentsholongwane kunye nokuthintela umlilo.
Ngaba amakhethini esibhedlele angasetyenziswayo akhuselekile njengeekhethini ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona?
Amakhethini alahlwayo zihlangabezana nemigangatho efanayo yokhuseleko lomlilo kunye neyokubulala iintsholongwane njengeendlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Abasebenzi banokuzitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo exhasa imigaqo yokulawula usulelo.
