Isizathu Esikhulu Sokuba Amakhethini Ezibhedlele Alahlwayo Aguqule Indlela Ezempilo Ezisetyenziswa Ngayo

Iyalahlwa amakhethini esibhedlele Zitshintsha ngokusisiseko iindawo zempilo. Zibonelela ngotshintsho olubalulekileyo oluchasene nezifo ezinxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo (ii-HAI). Ii-HAI zichaphazela isigulana esinye kwizigulane ezingama-31 zase-US ezilaliswe esibhedlele, zibiza iibhiliyoni ngonyaka. Olu tshintsho, luxhaswa yiabavelisi bamakhethini esibhedlele, iphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lwezigulane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwazo. Uninzi amakhethini egumbi lezonyango, kuquka ikhethini yobumfihlo bezonyango uyilo, ngoku luphawu amakhethini alahlwayo.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo ayayithintela intsholongwane. Anezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezibulala iintsholongwane, nto leyo eyenza izibhedlele zikhuseleke kuye wonke umntu.
• Ezi khethini kulula ukuzitshintsha. Oku konga ixesha nemali kuba izibhedlele azidingi kuzihlamba. Oku kunceda izibhedlele zisebenze ngcono.
• Ukusebenzisa Ikhethini elilahlwayos yenza izigulane kunye nabasebenzi bazive bekhuselekile. Bayazi ukuba isibhedlele sicocekile kwaye sisebenza nzima ukuthintela ukugula.

Isidingo Esingxamisekileyo Sotshintsho: Kutheni Amakhethini Esibhedlele Semveli Engaphumeleli

Iindawo zemveli zokhathalelo lwempilo zihlala zixhomekeke kwiindlela ezisetyenziswayo, nangona zazikade ziqhelekile, ngoku zinemingeni ebalulekileyo kulawulo losulelo lwanamhlanje. Iikhethini zemveli zesibhedlele, ngokukodwa, zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu. Zihlala ziba yindawo yokuzalela iintsholongwane eziyingozi, zenze kube nzima ukucoca, kwaye zidale imithwalo efihlakeleyo yokusebenza kwizibonelelo zempilo. Ukuqonda ezi ntsilelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla okuguqula ezinye iindlela ezingasetyenziswayo.

Amakhethini eSibhedlele seMveli njengeendawo zokugcina iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo

Amakhethini esibhedlele emveli, enzelwe ubumfihlo besigulane, ngempazamo aba ziindawo ezibalulekileyo zokugcina iintsholongwane eziyingozi. Ezi zithintelo zelaphu, ezihlala zichukunyiswa ngabantu abaninzi, ziqokelela ngokukhawuleza iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo ezinxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo. Izifundo zibonisa rhoqo ukungcola okukhawulezayo. Umzekelo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ama-92% amakhethini esibhedlele emveli abonakalise ukungcola yintsholongwane ebangela izifo efana ne-MRSA kunye ne-VRE kwiveki enye yokusetyenziswa.

Iintlobo zeentsholongwane ezifumaneka kwezi ndawo ziyaxhalabisa. Izinto ezixhaphakileyo ziquka i-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kunye ne-Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). Ezinye iintsholongwane ezifunyenweyo ziquka I-Staphylococcus aureus, I-Enterococcus spp, kunye neentonga ze-aerobic gram-negative. Ezi pathogens zingaphila phezu kwelaphu ixesha elide. Olunye uphando lutyhile ukuba i-87% yeekhethini zesibhedlele zemveli zingcoliswe yi-MRSA emva kweentsuku ezili-14 kuphela zokusetyenziswa. Olunye uphando olupheleleyo, oluhlalutya iisampulu ezili-1,521 ezivela kwiikhethini zobumfihlo, lufumanise ukuba i-22% ivavanywe yathi ine-multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Ngaphakathi kwezi MDRO, i-vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) ivele kwi-13.8% yee-cultures, i-gram-negative bacteria enganyangekiyo ngamayeza kwi-6.2%, kunye ne-methicillin-resistant. I-Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nge-4.9%. Oku kubakho rhoqo kweebhaktheriya eziyingozi kubonisa indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngamakhethini emveli ekudluliseleni izifo.

Iindlela zokucoca ezingasebenziyo zamakhethini esibhedlele

Iindlela zokucoca iikhethini zesibhedlele zemveli zihlala zingafikeleli kwinto efunekayo ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo. Akukho mgangatho uqhelekileyo wokuba izibonelelo mazicoce kangaphi ezi khethini. Izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zezempilo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zazo ezithile, indawo, amaxesha okudibana kwazo, kunye nomngcipheko wongcoliseko. Izikhokelo zibonisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiikhethini ezibonakala zingcolile kunye nabo bakwimeko yokuzihlukanisa xa izigulane zimkile. Kwiimeko eziqhubekayo, utshintsho lwekota okanye iingcebiso ezivela kumaqela olawulo losulelo ziqhelekile. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zikhokelo azisoloko zisetyenziswa rhoqo okanye zanele.

Imingeni emininzi ithintela ukucoca okusebenzayo. Amalaphu ekhethini ayinkimbinkimbi; agcina lula izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nothuli, ukungcola, kunye neebhaktheriya, ezingenakukwazi ukuzisusa ngeendlela zokucoca ngokubanzi. Izibonelelo zonyango zicoca amakhethini esibhedlele esiqhelo rhoqo kuneendawo eziqinileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abe sesichengeni sokungcola. Ukudibana rhoqo ngabasebenzi, izigulane kunye neendwendwe kukhokelela ekungcolisweni kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, njengoko abantu behlala bechukumisa amakhethini ngaphandle kweeglavu. Ngaphezu koko, imizamo yokucoca ngaphakathi endlwini idla ngokugxila kwiindawo eziqinileyo ezichukunyiswa kakhulu, idla ngokungawunaki ucoceko olukhethekileyo olufunekayo kumakhethini. Olu qwalaselo luvumela iibhaktheriya, ezifana ne-MRSA, ukuba zihlale kwiindawo zelaphu ixesha elide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amakhethini angcoliswe kwakhona ngokukhawuleza nasemva kokucoca.

Umthwalo Ofihlakeleyo Wokusebenza Kwamakhethini Esibhedlele Angasetyenziswa Kwakhona

Ngaphaya kweengozi zokosuleleka, amakhethini esibhedlele angasetyenziswa kwakhona abeka umthwalo omkhulu wokusebenza kwizibonelelo zempilo. Ukugcinwa kwawo kubandakanya inkqubo enzima nesebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuphila kwelaphu elilukiweyo elisemgangathweni limalunga neminyaka elishumi, kodwa eli xesha lide liza neemfuno zokucoca eziqhubekayo. Umzekelo, eBritane, amakhethini asetyenziswa kwakhona afuna ukucocwa kuma-60 degrees ubuncinci rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintandathu, kwaye kwangoko ukuba angcolisiwe. Izikhokelo zase-Australia ziyahluka ngokwendawo enobungozi, ukusuka kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu ukuya ekucoceni minyaka le kwiindawo ezinomngcipheko omncinci.

Inkqubo yokuhlamba impahla ngokwayo itya izixhobo ezininzi. Ukuhlamba impahla yesibhedlele ephinda isetyenziswe kufuna amanzi amaninzi, nto leyo evelisa amanzi amdaka alinganayo. Nokuba kusetyenzwa kwaye kusetyenziswe amanzi amdaka, umsebenzi wokuhlamba impahla ufuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi. Nangona impahla ephinda isetyenziswe inika ubomi obude kunye neenzuzo ezithile zokusingqongileyo kunezinto ezilahlwayo ngokubhekiselele kumthamo wenkunkuma, inkqubo yokuhlamba impahla ifuna izixhobo ezininzi. Isebenzisa amandla namanzi amaninzi kwaye yongeza amanzi amdaka amaninzi kwindalo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokulahla impahla. Lo mjikelo uqhubekayo wokususa, ukuhlamba impahla, kunye nokufaka kwakhona wongeza kwiindleko zabasebenzi, ubunzima bezinto zokusebenza, kunye nempembelelo kwindalo, nto leyo edala umthwalo ofihlakeleyo ongajongwa zizibonelelo ezininzi.

Impembelelo Entsha Yamakhethini Esibhedlele Alahlwayo

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo amele inyathelo elibalulekileyo phambili kucoceko lwezempilo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ajongana ngqo neentsilelo zamakhethini emveli ngokubonelela ngeempawu eziphambili kunye neenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Olu tshintsho lutshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela amaziko alawula ngayo iingozi zosulelo kwaye agcine indawo ecocekileyo.

Iimpawu eziPhambili ze-Antimicrobial kumakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo

Inzuzo ephambili yamakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo kukuba asebenza kakuhle ekulweni neentsholongwane. Abavelisi bayila la makhethini ngezinto ezithintela ukukhula nokusasazeka kweebhaktheriya, iifungi, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane. Le ndlela yokuzikhusela inciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wezifo kwiindawo zezigulana.

Uphononongo oluvavanyiweyo lubonise ukwehla okukhulu kwiiyunithi zokwenza iibhaktheriya (i-CFU/cm²) kwiikhethini zokhuseleko lobumfihlo zeFantex ezilwa neentsholongwane. Emva kweeyure ezingama-24 zongcoliseko ziibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo, kuquka I-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, I-Acinetobacter baumannii, i-MRSA, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezivelisa ama-spectrum amaninzi (I-Escherichia coli okanye I-Klebsiella pneumoniae), la makhethini abonise ukwehla okukhulu xa kuthelekiswa namakhethini aqhelekileyo obumfihlo. Ngaphezu koko, amanqanaba ongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo aneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhaktheriya ayephantsi kakhulu kumakhethini eFantex emva kweenyanga ezimbini zokusetyenziswa kwicandelo likaxakeka.

Idatha ibonisa ngokucacileyo oku kusebenza kakuhle:

Oku kuncipha okukhulu kobukho beebhaktheriya kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo kwizigulane nakubasebenzi.

Ukuhlanganiswa Okungenamthungo Nokutshintshwa Okukhawulezileyo Kwamakhethini Esibhedlele Alahlwayo

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo anika lula ukuhlanganiswa nokutshintshwa, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu indlela yokusebenza. Izibonelelo zonyango zinokutshintsha la makhethini ngaphantsi komzuzu omnye xa abasebenzi besebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nesixhobo seGrabber. Esi santya siphucula kakhulu amazinga okujika kwamagumbi ezigulana.

Zininzi iingenelo zokulungiselela ezi nkqubo zokutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza:

• Ukufakwa OkukhawulezileyoAbasebenzi banokutshintsha amakhethini angasetyenziswayo ngemizuzu embalwa besebenzisa iinkqubo zokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, oko konga ixesha elixabisekileyo.
• Umsebenzi Oncitshisiweyo: Ziphelisa ukuphathwa okubanzi, ukuhlamba impahla, kunye nokufakelwa kwakhona okufunekayo kumakhethini elaphu lendabuko.
• Imisebenzi eLungelelanisiweyo: Abasebenzi banokutshintsha amakhethini ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, bephepha ukulibaziseka kukhathalelo lwezigulane okubangelwa ziishedyuli ezingqongqo zokucoca.
• Ukususwa koCoceko oluQhelekileyoNgokungafaniyo namakhethini elaphu afuna ukuhlanjwa rhoqo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye namaxesha okukhawuleza, amakhethini alahlwayo ayatshintshwa nje, nto leyo esusa iingxaki zokuhambisa impahla.

Ezi nkqubo zikwabonelela ngeenzuzo ezongezelelweyo:

• Ilula kwaye kulula ukuyifakaOlu phawu lwenza kube lula ukutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza.
• Isebenza kakuhle emalini: Zinciphisa iindleko zokuhlamba impahla kunye nabasebenzi ezinxulumene namakhethini emveli.
• Iphelisa iiShedyuli zokucoca: Zisusa isidingo seenkqubo zokucoca ezingqongqo, ezithatha ixesha elide, nezibizayo kwiikhethini zemveli.

Ukuphucula Ulawulo Losulelo Ngeekhethini Zesibhedlele Ezisetyenziswa Kanye

Amakhethini esibhedlele asetyenziswa kanye asisiseko seendlela zanamhlanje zokulawula usulelo. Abonelela ngenyathelo lokulwa nosulelo olunxulumene nezempilo (ii-HAI) ngokuqinisekisa ukuba indawo engqongileyo icocekile rhoqo.

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo anegalelo ekunciphiseni i-HAI ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Zisusa iingozi zokungcoliswa kwezinto ezisasazekayo.
• Zinciphisa umthwalo wokuhlamba impahla rhoqo.
• Ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwesibhedlele.
• Ziyindlela yokulawula usulelo ngokukhawuleza.

Izibonelelo zonyango kufuneka zibeke izikhokelo ezicacileyo zokutshintsha la makhethini ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuba amakhethini esibhedlele angasetyenziswayo atshintshwe rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, umhla wokufakwa kwawo ubhalwe ngokucacileyo kwikhethini.

Iimeko ezithile zeklinikhi zihlala zifuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo:

• Umgangatho ophantsi weCDC: Ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga.
• Ukutshintshwa Kwangoko: Iyimfuneko ekungcoleni okubonakalayo, ungcoliseko, umonakalo, okanye ukudibana negazi/ulwelo lomzimba.
• Iindawo Ezinomngcipheko Omkhulu (ii-ICU, Amagumbi Okuzihlukanisa)Ezi ndawo zinokufuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo, ngamanye amaxesha qho ngeveki, ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni esiphezulu kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuba nongcoliseko.
• Iishedyuli ezenzelwe wenaIzibhedlele zihlala zilungiselela iishedyuli ezilungiselelwe ngokweengozi zesebe kunye nobuninzi bezigulane.

Nantsi isikhokelo esiqhelekileyo sokutshintsha rhoqo:

Iingenelo Ezibonakalayo: Indlela Amakhethini Esibhedlele Alahlwayo Aphakamisa Ngayo Ukhathalelo Lwempilo

Amakhethini esibhedlele asetyenziswayo anika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo. Aphucula ukhuseleko lwezigulane, alungelelanise imisebenzi, kwaye aphucula ukuzithemba ngokubanzi kwiindawo zonyango. Ezi zibonelelo zibenza babe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezicwangciso zanamhlanje zokulawula usulelo.

Ukususa Iingozi Zokungcoliswa Kwamanye Amacala Ngeekhethini Zesibhedlele Ezilahlwayo

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo anciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wongcoliseko oludibanayo. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa amakhethini ezigulane alahlwayo kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni amazinga osulelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30%. Oku kuphucula ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwesibhedlele kunye nolawulo losulelo. Amakhethini amaninzi alahlwayo anamhlanje aneempawu zokulwa neentsholongwane. Ezi arhente zithintela ukwanda kweebhaktheriya, iifungi, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane. Oku kubonelela ngolwandiso olongezelelweyo lokhuselo kwiintsholongwane. Uphando luhlala lubonisa ukuba amakhethini obumfihlo kumagumbi ezigulane anokugcina iibhaktheriya, kuquka iintlobo ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza. Iingcali zicebisa ukuba ukuyila ngokutsha la makhethini okanye ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezilahlwayo kunceda ukuthintela ukusasazeka kweentsholongwane.

Ukulungelelanisa uLawulo lweZiko kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo alula ulawulo lwezakhiwo kwaye anciphisa iindleko zomsebenzi. Asusa isidingo seenkqubo zokuhlamba impahla ezibanzi. Oku kusindisa izixhobo ezibalulekileyo emanzini, kumandla, nakumsebenzi. Nangona iindleko zokuqala zamakhethini alahlwayo zifana nezo zihlanjwayo, zibonakala zingabizi kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha. Zisusa ukucoca okudinga umsebenzi omninzi kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane okufunekayo kumakhethini aphinda asetyenziswe. Amakhethini alahlwayo akwalula ukugcina izinto. Ahlala eza ngobukhulu bephaneli enye (66”x 105”). Iiadaptha zeseti yeentonga zilungiselela ukuphakama okwahlukeneyo kwesilingi, zivumela ukusetyenziswa okufanayo kumasebe onke. Iilebheli kwikhethini nganye yesibhedlele zinceda ukulandelela imihla yokufakela. Oku kuphucula ulawulo lwempahla kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokucoca.

Ukukhuthaza ukuzithemba kwabaguli kunye nabasebenzi ngococeko lwesibhedlele

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo anegalelo kwindawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kubasebenzi bezempilo. Anciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokusasaza usulelo phakathi kwezigulana nabasebenzi. Amakhethini elaphu lemveli anokugcina iintsholongwane nokuba sele zihlanjiwe. Amakhethini alahlwayo, enzelwe ukusetyenziswa kube kanye, ayakuthintela oku. Iimpawu zawo zokulwa neentsholongwane zithintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane. Oku kudala indawo ecocekileyo kubasebenzi bezempilo. Indlela elahlwayo ngayo isusa imfuneko yokuba abasebenzi baphathe impahla enokungcoliswa. Oku konga ixesha kunye nezixhobo ngelixa kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa. Ukusebenzisa amakhethini alahlwayo kunceda amaziko ukuba alandele imigaqo engqongqo yokulawula usulelo. Oku kubonisa ukuzinikela kukhuseleko lwezigulane kunye nabasebenzi.

Amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo ayimfuneko kakhulu kucoceko lwempilo lwanamhlanje. Amele utyalo-mali olucwangcisiweyo kukhuseleko lwezigulane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Izibonelelo ezisebenzisa olu tshintsho ziqinisekisa ikamva lezempilo elisempilweni nelikhuselekileyo. Le teknoloji iphambili yamakhethini esibhedlele iguqula indlela abaguli abakhathalelwa ngayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

FAQ

Iikhethini zesibhedlele ezilahlwayo zithintela njani usulelo?

Amakhethini alahlwayo aneempawu zokulwa nentsholongwane. Ezi mpawu zithintela ukukhula kwezifo. Ukutshintshwa rhoqo kususa iindawo ezingcolisiweyo, kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwezinto ezidibanayo.

Ngaba amakhethini esibhedlele alahlwayo abiza kancinci kunelawo angasetyenziswa kwakhona?

Ewe, zinjalo. Amakhethini alahlwayo asusa iindleko zokuhlamba impahla, umsebenzi wokucoca, kunye nokufaka kwakhona. Oku kwenza kube lula ulawulo lwesakhiwo kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke.

Iyintoni impembelelo yokusebenzisa amakhethini alahlwayo kwindalo esingqongileyo?

Abavelisi badla ngokuyila amakhethini angasetyenziswayo ngezinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Ukusetyenziswa kwawo kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye namandla okunxulunyaniswa nokuhlamba impahla amakhethini aphinda asetyenziswe. Oku kunciphisa impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo.